Formation Of Nanocomposite For Ceramic Film Process Engineering Essay

IntroductionWe are Super Solar Sdn Bhd which is a ceramic based company that produces window solar movies. In respond to your petition to integrate the elements of green technology into the day-to-day procedures in the mill, we are subjecting this proposal to upgrade our industry by implementing the construct of green technology into the industry. Before we start let us to give a brief account on nano ceramic movies. Nano ceramic movies are particular movie bed used on difficult stuffs to protect them from wear and tear. They play a large function in maintaining the strength and quality of stuffs such as metals, plastic and many other merchandises used in industrial and consumer applications. Ceramic coatings are typically made up of particular compounds that possess stronger belongingss than regular coating. Compounds in ceramic coatings include carbides, borides, nitrides, and silicides that are difficult plenty to maintain the stuff from roll uping residue and going prone to breakage while in usage. There are two types of ceramic coatings, single-layer and multi-layer. Single-layer coatings are normally applied on already strong stuffs that are non ever exposed to damage, such as PVC plastic and non-metallic merchandises. Multi-layer coatings are used on more delicate merchandises such as fibreglass, metals and other points used for particular research lab or industrial intents. The nano ceramic movie that we produce in our mill is specifically tailored to function as shade or coat for edifice Windowss and vehicles. Our movie ( Solar Tint ) applied straight to the inside of Windowss in a place or commercial concern to organize a protective barrier against the Sun ‘s harmful infrared and ultraviolet radiation. As for automotive movies, the coatings allow a certain sum of Visible Light Transmission, while barricading out of the Sun ‘s infrared heat. The technique we are using to bring forth our nano ceramic atoms is known as Thermal Plasma where the ceramic atoms are heated to high temperature that causes vaporization of the little micron size atoms. Then, to surface the nano ceramic atoms onto Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET movies, the thermic crop-dusting method is used whereby the beginning of heat and energy is a high-temperature plasma. The nano ceramic movies are now formed. Presently there are many issues on natural resources depletion due to industrial procedures. One of the methods to get the better of this job is by implementing the rules of green technology in our industrial procedure. Green technology is the procedure and design of merchandises that conserve natural resources, and impact the natural environment every bit small as possible. The usage of green engineering besides referred as clean engineering is supposed to cut down the sum of waste and pollution that is created during production and ingestion. There are many types of green engineering such as energy, edifice, preferable buying, chemical science and besides nanotechnology. Our focal point is traveling to be chiefly on nanotechnology, efficiency maximization, energy preservation and lastingness. Nanotechnology involves pull stringsing stuffs to the smallest nanometre therefore it can be best to implement green nanotechnology is the usage of green rules in the field. Nanotechnology involves the use of stuffs at the graduated table of the nanometer, one billionth of a metre. Based on this green technology rule, we would wish to present the nano ceramic coating. Nano ceramic coatings provide non merely the usual protection of single-layer and multi-layer coatings, but besides feature thermodynamic belongingss. Nano ceramic window movies are fade and corrosion free, outliving other conventional stuff ( bleached and metals ) based movies by more than 50 % . They are known with the term spectrally selective because they reject blaze and block heat while supplying seeable light and optimal lucidity. Their alone heat control belongingss can merely be exhibited at nano graduated table and the preciseness of the fabrication procedure consequences in a thin bed with even thickness to a ccomplish a uniform, impersonal coloring material tone and public presentation.PROBLEM STATEMENT:Presently, we have been bring forthing nano ceramic movies ( Solar Shade ) used as shade and coat for Windowss in edifices and automotives with the intent of cut downing heat and seeable beam. We have been utilizing the Thermal Plasma procedure to organize nano ceramic atoms of Sn oxide from the majority Sn oxide atoms. These atoms are so used to surface the Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET movies to organize nano ceramic movies. These procedures use up enormous sum of thermic energy and are really dearly-won. There have been programs to cut down the energy ingestion and cost without compromising the quality of the merchandise. Apart from that, the competition in the ceramic movie devising industry is really high and we need to bring forth high quality nano ceramic movies that can run into the demands and demands of our clients. With the on-going argument on the benefits of implementing green engineering in our industrial procedures and programs to better our merchandise quality every bit good as cost decrease, we are doing a proposal to incorporate green engineering in the processing and production of our nano ceramic movies and take necessary steps to do more efficient nano ceramic movies.MethodologyBriefly, being a ceramic based company, we are bring forthing nanoceramic atoms, SnO2 from bulk ceramic atoms utilizing the thermic plasma method and use them to surface Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET movies that we are purchasing from a PET maker. The surfacing stuff that we are utilizing is SnO2 utilizing a thermic crop-dusting method known as Vacuum Plasma Spraying ( VPS ) . And the nano ceramic movies are formed. This films maps as solar heat control window movies for residentials and automotive. In item, the procedures involved are as follows: In nanotechnology, a atom is defined as a little object that behaves as a whole unit in footings of its conveyance and belongingss. Atoms are farther classified harmonizing to size: in footings of diameter, all right atoms cover a scope between 100 and 2500 nanometers.On the other manus, ultrafine atoms are sized between 1 and 100 nanometres. Similar to ultrafine atoms, nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometres. Nanoparticles may or may non exhibit size-related belongingss that differ significantly from those observed in all right atoms or majority materials.There are several methods for making nanoparticles, and the method we are utilizing presently is known as thermal plasma which deliver the energy necessary to do vaporization of little micron size atoms. The thermic plasma temperatures are in the order of 10,000 K, so that solid pulverization easy evaporates. Nanoparticles are formed upon chilling while go outing the plasma part. The types of the thermic plasma torch u sed to bring forth nanoparticles are ( RF ) initiation plasmas. In RF initiation plasma torches, energy matching to the plasma is accomplished through the electromagnetic field generated by the initiation spiral. The plasma gas does non come in contact with electrodes, therefore extinguishing possible beginnings of taint and leting the operation of such plasma torches with a broad scope of gases including inert, cut downing, oxidising and other caustic ambiances. The nano atoms that are formed in the earlier measure will now be used as surfacing stuff.There are assorted thermic spraying methods for coating of nano ceramic atoms on the PET movie. One method is vacuum plasma crop-dusting ( VPS ) . As with all plasma spraying methods, the beginning of heat and energy in VPS is a high-temperature plasma. In plasma burner an discharge is produced which heats an inert gas watercourse by ionisation and recombination reactions to temperatures of up to 20,000 K. The stuff to be deposited, in this instance SnO2 is fed in pulverization signifier into this high-energy plasma watercourse with the assistance of a bearer gas. The pulverization atoms are accelerated, heated to a liquefied province and projected at high velocity onto the substrate, which causes them to flatten and organize a lamellar coating. Depending on the continuance of the crop-dusting operation surfacing thicknesses from several ?m to a few centimeter can be produced. Bulk ceramic atoms Nano ceramic atoms Thermal Plasma Vaccum Plasma Spraying PET Films Nano Ceramic FilmFigure 1: Diagram of processing of nano ceramic moviesDiscussionDesign ProcedureBelow is the suggested alteration to the current processing of movie that complies with the rules of Green Technology. The execution of green technology in the procedure and production of nano ceramic movies will give us a positive impact in the hereafter, where we will name the undermentioned impacts at the following pages. The modified nano ceramic movie is named as Green Solar Tint. The modified procedure methodological analysis: Nano ceramic atoms of Tin Oxide formed from the thermic plasma procedure ab initio is replaced by Wet Chemical Process. The PET movies are ab initio coated with nano Tin oxide atoms utilizing the Vacuum Plasma Spraying are now replaced by surfacing bed of TiN ( Ti nitride ) followed by a bed of Tin oxide utilizing the PVD ( Physical Vapor Deposition ) Method.Formation OF NANOCOMPOSITE FOR CERAMIC FILM PROCESSInitially our company used thermic plasma as our procedure to bring forth nano atoms. As our concern about green engineering, we suggested to utilize Wet Chemical Process to bring forth nano atoms. Wet chemical methods enable inexpensive, low-temperature, mass-scale fabrication paths. They produce powdered porous and heavy micro-structures that can non be realized otherwise. In wet-chemical processing, clean nano atom scatterings are deposited on the substrate at, chiefly, ambient conditions. The deposition is followed by a rapid thermic processing intervention to take liquids and organic additives, to change over precursors to the mark composing, and to set up the concluding porous and heavy micr o-structure. In the synthesis of precursor scatterings it is really of import to obtain nano atoms with a near-isometric form and a reasonably narrow atom size distribution, without the formation of secondary agglomerate constructions. In peculiar the latter requires careful control of solution and interfacial chemical science to accomplish proper colloidal stableness, during and after the synthesis procedure.Procedure OF FILM COATING USING TITANIUM NITRIDEPreviously in our ceramics movie procedure, we applied thermic crop-dusting for movie coating. Our old surfacing stuff was Tin oxide entirely. Now as we are suggesting our ceramic movie industry based on green technology, we suggest titanium nitride to be used as our surfacing stuff with a protective bed of Sn oxide. There are few procedures that can be carried out for movie coating. Those are nitriding, thin coat engineerings, thermic crop-dusting and optical maser engineering. Based on our findings sing these procedures, thin co at engineerings is sensible and more convenient to be applied for our ceramics movie industry. Nitriding and thermic spraying need a really high force per unit area and temperature to execute the procedure, where the temperature is capable of transcending boulder clay 20 000 K. Then for optical maser engineering, it requires high tech equipment for surfacing which can be really dearly-won. Hence, we are suggesting the Thin Coat Technology or specifically Physical Vapor Deposition for surfacing procedure.Thin coat engineerings1. The thin coating engineerings used with Ti are PVD ( Physical Vapor Deposition ) these are chemical/physical vapor deposition methods used to fabricate protective coatings. 2. PVD procedures are carried out under vacuity conditions. The procedure involved four stairss: vaporization, transit, reaction and deposition. Evaporation-During this phase, a mark, dwelling of the stuff to be deposited is bombarded by a high energy beginning such as a beam of negatrons or ions. This dislodges atoms from the surface of the mark, ‘vaporizing ‘ them. Transport-This procedure merely consists of the motion of ‘vaporized ‘ atoms from the mark to the substrate to be coated and will by and large be a consecutive line matter. Reaction-In some instances coatings will dwell of metal oxides, nitrides, carbides and other such stuffs. The atoms of metal will so respond with the appropriate gas during the conveyance phase. For the above measure, the reactive gases that can be used is nitrogen which is more abundant compared to methane and O. Deposition-This is the procedure of surfacing construct up on the substrate surface. In our instance, we are surfacing TiN onto the surface of PET movies.Why is our modified procedure better than the initial procedure?Thermal plasma – initial procedure used to bring forth nano atomsThermal plasmas have high temperatures up to15, 000 K because the plasmas are generated at comparatively high force per unit areas where near to atmospheric force per unit area ; they have high densenesss and are considered to be at equilibrium. Since we need a high temperature, we need a higher heat content to bring forth the temperature. In this production method, jobs arise from the residuary coarse atoms. When precursor pulverizations are injected into thermic plasma in which temperature and flow distributions exist both radially and axially, some of the precursor atoms are non evaporated wholly. The non evaporated portion, although little, necessitates an extra station separation procedureWet C hemical Process- modified procedure to bring forth nano atomsThis is the scope of techniques that are most applicable for word picture by light dispersing techniques. These are basically ‘bottom-up ‘ techniques, where they start with ions or molecules and construct these up into larger constructions. These wet chemical science techniques presently offer the best quality nano atoms from a figure of points of position. They produce nano atoms that are already in the signifier of scattering, therefore high inter-particle forces can be designed in to forestall agglomeration. The formation of sums can be reduced or eliminated. The nano atoms can be made to be really same size to within little tolerances. The chemical composing and morphology can be closely controlled.Vacuum Plasma Spraying- initial procedure used to bring forth surfacingThis system, as the name implies, uses an electric discharge as the heat beginning which is much hotter than the temperature produced by an o xy-acetylene fire. This means that higher thaw point stuffs can be deposited at higher speeds ( 200-400 m/s ) taking to high bonded strength in vacuity plasma praying. Hence higher energy ingestion is needed for surfacing procedure. Other disadvantages are that the procedure requires more expensive equipment and that it is non suited for manual operation in instance of power break.Physical Vapor Deposition. – modified procedure to bring forth surfacingPVD coatings are deposited for legion grounds. Some of the chief 1s are improved hardness and wear opposition, reduced clash and improved oxidization opposition. The usage of such coatings is aimed at bettering efficiency through improved public presentation and longer component life. They may besides let coated constituents to run in environments that the uncoated constituent would non otherwise have been able to execute. Materials can be deposited with improved belongingss compared to the substrate stuff. Almost any type of in organic stuff can be used every bit good as some sorts of organic stuffs. The procedure is more environmentally friendly than procedures such as electroplating.TinAs mentioned above, the PET movies are ab initio coated with nano Tin oxide atoms entirely are now replaced by surfacing bed of TiN ( Ti nitride ) followed by a bed of Tin oxide. Why TiN? TiN bearing movie is oxidation-resistant and has first-class scratch opposition. It besides has superior light rarefying features, peculiarly reduced seeable coefficient of reflection and decreased colour. Using TiN as a solar shield on architectural Windowss can cut down the solar heat addition during hot conditions, Ti nitride coating is the most advantageous pick for most applications because of the comparative easiness with which gaseous precursors to the coating can be formed and handled on processing equipment. A solar shade bearing Ti nitride ( TiN ) as the chief barrier is coated with a thin bed of protective transparent movie of Sn oxide. Tin oxide is believed to hold the most favourable combination of mechanical, optical and infra ruddy emmisivity belongingss to complement solar shield applications.Design OF PRODUCT ( Green Solar Tint )AutomotiveBy and large, our improved nano ceramic movies ( Green Solar Shade ) offer better heat rejection, low coefficient of reflection an d better lastingness as compared to the old ceramic movies ( Solar Shade ) that offer limited heat rejection:By cutting down intolerable heat, our nano ceramic movies cool the vehicle more expeditiously and cut down fuel ingestion. Residents are besides protected from the harmful Ultra Violet rays that are damaging to the eyes and tegument through the high Ultra Violet rejection transcending 90 % . Improves the overall comfort of drive, offers fade control and protects the vehicle by widening the life of the vehicle ‘s inside every bit good. High Infra Red heat rejection up to 96 % and auto interior temperature reduced. Reduces blaze and driving weariness therefore heightening driving comfort. Protects drivers/passengers from the Sun ‘s harmful radiation. 100 % dye-free and no stain and estimated to hold longer life rhythm than the conventional dyed and metallic movies. Extends lifetime of vehicle inside with fade protection. Improves shatter-resistance of windshields. Significant heat decrease lowers chilling burden of air-conditioning and fuel ingestion Prolongs lifetime of air-conditioning compressor and reduces replacing costs. Generally helps salvage energy and indirectly saves environment because decrease of fuel ingestion means lesser harmful gases released into the air.BuildingsConventional ceramic movies seem to filtrate out excessively much of the natural visible radiation go forthing their places excessively dark or they let in excessively much visible radiation and capable their trappingss and loved 1s to the detrimental effects of Ultra Violet beams. Whereas, our improved nano ceramic movies ( Green Solar Shade ) :Reduce the Infra-Red heat build-up in the house and besides cut off more than 90 % of the Ultraviolet rays that cause tegument jobs and attenuation of insides. While protecting valuable place trappingss and widening their lifetime, nano-ceramic movies have the added characteristic of low contemplation at dark and the position is hence non obscured. The bed of movie besides provides an added degree of safety by maintaining glass fragments together in the event of inadvertent breakage. Significant Infra-Red Heat rejection lowers chilling burden of air-conditioning ingestion Enhances interior comfort and life environment with reduced blazeCost Analysis for Nano Ceramic Films ( Solar Tint V Green Solar Tint ) .Presently our company bring forthing nano ceramic atoms from bulk ceramic atoms utilizing the thermic plasma method and use them to surface Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET movies by utilizing thermic spray techniques. We are bring forthing 150000 ft2 of nano ceramic movie per batch. The continuance which we took to finish 1 batch is 10 working yearss ( 2 hebdomads ) . The followers is the cost analysis for one batch which affecting production of nano ceramic atoms and besides surfacing procedure. Solar Shade Materials ( RM/KG ) ( Tin oxide + PET movies ) 54,400 Water/Electricity ( RM ) 572,000 Labor ( RM ) 100,000 Maintenance ( RM ) 40,000 Rent ( RM ) 50,000 Entire Cost ( RM ) 816400 The natural stuff which is used to bring forth nano ceramic atoms is tin oxide and about 45000 kilograms of Sn oxide is being used for a batch ( market monetary value 0.68 cents per Kg ) . 20000 KW/h are being used for a batch for making nano atoms and undergo coating procedure. Entire Cost of the production are RM 816400 and our merchandising monetary value is RM 8.50 ( 1 ft2 ) . The overall net incomes from the production per batch are RM 458600 which is about 36 % from the overall gross. Estimated Cost Analysis for ( Green Solar Tint ) The estimated continuance to bring forth 150000 ft2 of Green Solar Tint is 10 working yearss ( 2 hebdomads ) . The followers is the cost analysis for one batch. Cost Analysis NANO CERAMIC FILM Materials ( RM/KG ) ( Tin oxide+ TiN+ PET movies ) 107,000 Water/Electricity ( RM ) 410,000 Labor ( RM ) 100,000 Maintenance ( RM ) 40,000 Rent ( RM ) 50,000 Entire Cost ( RM ) 707,000 The natural stuff which is used to bring forth ceramic movies is tin oxide and about 45000 kilograms of Sn oxide is estimated to be used for a batch ( market monetary value 0.68 cents per Kg ) .The estimated energy ingestion will be 14600 KW/h. Estimated energy ingestion will be lower for Green Solar Tint production compared to Solar Tint because it does n't affect thermic procedures which consume high energy. The estimated energy decrease will be 27 % ( 5400KW/h ) . Entire Estimated Cost of the production are RM 707,000 and our merchandising monetary value is RM 9.00 ( 1 ft2 ) .The overall net incomes from the production per batch are RM 643000 which is about 47.63 % from overall gross.Social and Environmental ImpactsBulidings and placesSocial Impact:The Green Solar Tint removes up to 90 % of the Sun ‘s damaging UV beams, which cause fast attenuation of trappingss, carpets, images and other belongingss and sun harm. So this lengthens the life rhythm of stuff and furniture at p lace. Besides that, Green Solar Tint offers window movies that block basically all harmful UV beams, the taking cause of skin malignant neoplastic disease and other unsafe conditions that impact all ages. With this, we can protect our loved 1s from hamful UV rays.Solar shade besides offers added safety for everyone and anything in the house. In instances of larceny or natural catastrophes like temblors and twister, the solar shade movie is competent at maintaining the broken pieces of glass together. This can avoid or at the really least lessen physical injury to your pets and relations and extra harm to your belongings. Extra benefits include an elegant visual aspect, reduced blaze and improved comfort and the Sun ‘s heat that comes through the window being reflected off.Environmental Impact:Green Solar Tint ‘s capableness to reject important sum of Infra Red heat lowers chilling burden of air conditioning ingestion. This means energy can be saved at place by utilizing lesser air conditioning. And indirectly, we can assist cut down the emision of harmful CFC to the environment.AutomotiveSocial ImpactGreen solar shade is besides efficient in cut downing Sun blaze which is really utile most particularly to the driver ( automotive application ) , since it is really helpful in forestalling oculus strain and weariness. Aside from that, riders will besides detect the auto seats get hot easy doing uncomfortableness to sit on. Through Green Solar Tint, non merely is the upholstery of the auto protected, but the riders are protected as good. Green Solar shade is capable of barricading up to 90 % of UV beams so one time installed on every auto window you can be assured that you and your household are protected from its detrimental effects. Aside from these grounds that are already given, solar shade besides serves as an added shield that facilitates to your safety and security. The movies will forestall broken pieces of glass from shattering in instance of an accident. This will so minimise possible physical injury both from exterior and inside the auto.Environmental ImpactGreen solar shade is besides really efficient in barricading heat from the Sun. This is a really economical manner of salvaging fuel because of decreased use of air con. And less use of air con means less fuel ingestion. This manner we get to salvage our natural resources ( fuel ) every bit good as cut down pollutant emitted by vehicles.DecisionAs a decision, the modified Green solar shade will supply good solar rejection and it is cheaper than Solar shade ( initial merchandise ) .Recommendation1. The natural stuffs that we traveling to utilize for ceramic procedure, should be maximized, so that the merchandises besides will be maximized. Hence, the dimension of the reactors should be design harmonizing to our company penchant. Overall, we can cut down the use of energy by non reiterating the procedure once more. 2. First, the mixture of our natural stuffs in an organic dissolver should be every bit pure as possible. This can be done, by holding an extra procedure of separation and purification of our natural stuffs. As a consequence, we can forestall the wastage. The drosss from the separation, we can re-use it back as our side merchandises. 3. Normally, it is impossible to derive 100 % pureness in our merchandises. There should be some by- merchandises produce. The byproducts can be re-usable or can be re-cycling back to our provender. It is a good investing for our company.Waste PRODUCTSZinc oxide is one of the drosss from our natural stuffs. So, it is non necessary for us to divide the drosss as Zn oxide have a superior UV barricading belongingss compared to its majority replacement. Actually, this dross is frequently used in ties readying of sunscreen lotions and it is wholly photo stable. Impurities or waste merchandises like nanoscale atoms that being produced in our industry can be used for biomedical application as drug bearers or imaging agents. We can do it as our side investings.

What Are The Concepts Of Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainability as a construct has no universally acceptable definition or a clearly defined planetary modus operandi to measure and mensurate its intergenerational additions. Despite going a really popular term in modern-day society, the construct is mostly context and perspective dependant ; as it can be taken to intend different things to different people, at different minutes in clip ( Kruyt et al. , 2009 ) . â€Å" Before now, many people were non cognizant of what sustainability is, and its deductions to human being. Even as its consciousness is increasing, the built-in ambiguity of the topic remains an issue of planetary argument † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . In malice of this equivocal nature, our bounds to technological and economic growings, due to human development as predicted in past scholarship underpin the focal issue on sustainability today ( Malthus, 1798 ) , ( Hotelling, 1931 ) and ( Meadows et al. , 1972 ) . â€Å" In a command, to unknot the mystery of this term, several definitions and visualising images of sustainability have evolved † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . However, the most popular of these definitions remains the UN definition in Brundtland Report ( Our Common Future, 1987 ) ; which conceptually explores sustainability in three dimensions to underpin economic, environmental and societal sustainability ; ( Triple Bottom Line ) attack ( Elkington, 2004 ) . However, mainstream sustainability minds â€Å" believe that the definition is obscure and did non underpin any particulars within the myriad of issues concerned with ‘Our Common Future ‘ which we are taking at † ( Mbasuen, 2009 ) . As a effect, many people view the construct to include other dimensions such institutional and even political sustainability, while others such as ( Dietz and Neumayer, 2007 ; Neumayer, 2010 ) pitch their collapsible shelters with opposing positions of weak versus strong sustainability. Despite the elusive nature of this construct, Sustainability Assessment ( SA ) on the other manus is less equivocal, and can be defined as a formal procedure of identifying, foretelling and measuring the possible impacts of an enterprise ( such as a statute law, ordinance, policy program programme and undertaking ) and its options on the sustainable development of society. ( Govender et al. , 2006 ) . It is a new and germinating construct in environmental appraisal, germinating from plants carried out by environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and strategic environmental appraisal ( SEA ) practicians ( Sheate et al. , 2003 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . It is progressively being seen as a tool in the ‘family ‘ of impact appraisal processes ( Hacking and Guthrie, 2008 ) that is used to develop new techniques and attacks to impact appraisal that are designed to direct planning and decision-making towards sustainable development ( SD ) ( Pope et al. , 2004 ) . It involves the integrating of the biophysical environmental, societal and economic pillars of sustainability into determination devising in a manner that acknowledges their inter-relatedness. ( Govender et al. , 2006 ) . The increasing degree of political committedness to the rule of Sustainable Development has made SA a common determination doing tool ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; Govender et al. , 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . The majority of research on SA has originated in Canada, Europe and the UK, however, there are still really few illustrations of effectual SA procedures implemented in the universe ( Gibson, 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . Some illustrations can been seen in Western Australia ( Pope and Grace 2006 ) and South Africa of which many are really illustrations of ‘integrated appraisal ‘ , derived from environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and strategic environmental appraisal ( SEA ) ( Govender et al. , 2006 ; Pope et al. , 2004 ) . The term ‘Sustainability Appraisal ‘ is used in the UK to separate conventional SEA with a biophysical focal point from a signifier of strategic appraisal that besides covers societal and economic impacts ( Dalal-Clayton and Sadler, 2005 ) . Govender et al. , ( 2006 ) argue that what is called Sustainability Assessment/Appraisal in some states is fundamentally the same as SEA in South Africa. This whole construct of sustainability or sustainable development was foremost described by the Brundtland Commission in 1987: as † †¦ development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † ( World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p.9 ) . The Rio Earth Summit which took topographic point in 1992 farther set out a series of action points for accomplishing Sustainable development ( SD ) and besides advocates the usage of impact appraisal tools to turn to SD ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . However, as noted earlier at that place seems to be no consensus in the significance of SD as there are several conflicting readings. This was indicated by O'Riordan ( 2000, p.30 ) â€Å" there is no clear understanding as to what sustainable development is, every tract begins and ends at different pointsaˆÂ ¦ † and harmonizing to Williams and Millington ( 2004 ) , this is because the inquiry of how to conjoin demands and resources can be answered in a figure of different ways. For illustration what is sustainable and unsustainable, over what clip span is sustainability achieved and how are natural bounds defined and assessed? ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ; Lawrence, 1997 ) . Therefore, for SA pattern to accomplish sustainable results, it needs to acknowledge that different stakeholders have different framings of what SA outcomes should be ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) .Understanding SustainabilityThe being of multiple definitions of sustainable development already po ses a job for sustainability appraisal ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Common to all definitions are two cardinal rule ; intragenerational and intergenerational equity and two cardinal constructs ; demands and bounds ( Carter, 2001 ) . How these facets are interpreted has been the issue of argument seen in most literature. One peculiar issue is the different signifiers of sustainability ; weak and strong ( George, 1999 ) . Williams and Millington ( 2004 ) referred to ‘weak sustainability ‘ or ‘shallow environmentalism ‘ as a state of affairs in which one needs to spread out the stock of resources by developing renewable resources, making replacements for non-renewable resources, doing more effectual usage of bing resources, and/or by seeking for technological solutions to jobs such as resource depletion and pollution. Whereas ‘strong sustainability ‘ or ‘deep ecology ‘ is a state of affairs in which the demands that we make on the Earth need to be revised so that we consume less ( that is ; instead than accommodate the Earth to accommodate ourselves, we adapt ourselves to run into the finiteness of nature ) . This statement is further extended to environmental appraisal ( EA ) and many advocators of EA view the integrating of societal and economic issues in SA as a possible mechanism for legalizing the trading off environmental concerns for socio-econmoic additions ( Sheate et al. , 2003 ; Morrison-Saunders and Fischer, 2006 ; Pope and Grace 2006 ) . These differing positions of both strong and weak sustainability can been seen in current patterns. For illustration in Western Australia, SA builds upon a strong civilization of undertaking environmental impact appraisal, enabled by the Environmental Protection Act 1986, to include societal and economic considerations every bit good as environmental issues, thereby maximises ‘win-win-wins ‘ and minimises tradeoffs ( Pope et al. , 2005 ) . Although this tends to back up strong sustainability, pattern nevertheless shows what different as seen in the Gorgon gas development on Barrow Island ( Class A Nature Reserve ) . The Western Australian Government approved the development when environmental impacts were clearly negative ; that is set abouting environmental tradeoffs in favour economic and societal benefits ( Pope et al. , 2004 ; Pope et al. , 2005 ) . This is similar to the ‘weak ‘ construct of sustainability. Besides in the UK, SA in geared towards programs and programmes. Therivel et al. , ( 2009 ) analyzed 45 Sustainability Appraisals conducted in England based on their nucleus schemes ( societal, economic or environmental classs ) . They concluded that the programs will hold good societal and economic effects, but negative environmental effects. They besides pointed out that SA does non place environmental sustainable developments, or the acceptable tradeoff between environmental costs and social/economic benefits. Thereby connoting that SAs are most likely non using sustainability rules, since they are neither placing what ‘living within environmental bounds ‘ are nor proving nucleus schemes against them. The argument about sustainability is fundamentally in three classs ; protecting the natural environment, progressing economic public assistance, and supplying basic human demands. For some people human overuse of the natural environment finally threatens human endurance while others will reason that some depletion of natural resources is inevitable, for economic growing. ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ) . This would inevitable impact how results of SA are been seen as been sustainable or unsustainable. Besides existent pattern is different from Governments initial scheme as seen in the Western Australian instance ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) .Time ScalesAnother of import facet in the definition of sustainable development is equity among current and future coevalss. Harmonizing to George ( 1999 ) the duplicate pillars of sustainable development are intergenerational equity ( a necessary status for sustainability ) and intragenerational equity ( a necessary status for development ) . The care of both intragenerational and intergenerational equity ; means that present development must take into history current demands of people present and besides demands of future coevals ( Barrett and Grizzle 1999 ) . This construct was clearly stated in the Brundtland Report ( World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 ) . Merely as there are different readings of the significance of sustainability, besides there are different positions on how equity should be maintained across coevalss. For Pearce and Warford ( 1993 ) , intergenerational equity, means that development should procure additions in the public assistance of the current coevals provided that public assistance in the hereafter does non diminish, while for Howarth, ( 2007 p.6 ) , who proposed the ‘fair sharing rule ‘ ; â€Å" each member of present and future society is entitled to portion reasonably in the benefits derived from environmental resources. Specific stocks of environmental resources should non be depleted without rendering merely compensation to members of future coevalss † , believes that future coevalss hold a presumptive right to inherit peculiar environmental resources in an unrelieved province. Besides both positions can be said to back up the constructs of weak and strong sustainability. Hence, as noted by Barrett and Grizzle ( 1999 ) , doing environmentally sustainable policy therefore requires the rapprochement of different communities ‘ divergent involvements in ecosystem care and intragenerational and intergenerational distribution. Another job for SA noted by Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011 ) is the uncertainness and vagueness of the boundaries for intragenerational and intergenerational equity. They farther explained that clip continuance of a coevals would change depending on the part were one lives. This can be clearly seen in the different life anticipation values for different states. For illustration, the estimated value for the UK is 80 old ages while that of Nigeria is 47 old ages in 2011 ( Central Intelligence Agency, 2009 ) . A authoritative illustration is the CoRWM radioactive waste study. The study indicated that around 300,000 old ages would hold to go through until radioactive decay would be sufficient for the activity of the fuel to return to that of the natural U ore from which it was originally produced ( CoRWM, 2006 ) . Despite the fact that the general position among the commission is that the present coevals should take the load imposed by its actions from the hereafter, the hard faced is the fact that institutional control, the clip period over which a Government is expected to be in being with cognition and resources to manage any originating issues, was assumed to be a period of around 300 old ages ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; CoRWM, 2006 ) . Another illustration is the Western Australian Government Gorgon gas development on Barrow Island. Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011 ) indicated that the gas processing installations designed for an operational lifetime of 30 old ages, is at odds with the sustainability standards which promises ‘long-term ‘ economic growing for the Pilbara part and Western Australia in general. This ill-defined significance of footings ( for illustration, â€Å" short, average and long-run † and ‘forever ‘ ) has resulted in how SA is seen to accomplish sustainable results.Reductionism versus holistic theorySustainability appraisal procedure can be carried out by using different attacks and tools runing from indexs to a system-based attack with greater stakeholder engagement. ( Gasparatos et al. , 2009 ) . Amongst academicians/practitioners, there is a current argument on which appraisal procedure ( reductionism or holistic theory ) is best for measuring SA advancement towards sustainability. Reductionism defined by Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2011, p.2 ) is â€Å" the interrupting down complex procedures to simple footings or constituent parts † †¦ and â€Å" in the context of SA, this can be illustrated by the attack taken of utilizing a few selected sustainability indexs to stand for the sustainability of a whole system † . Besides Bond and Morrison Saunders ( 2009 ) noted that the cardinal constituent of any SA is holding a suited sustainability index, which are associated with set sustainability aims and marks, to guarantee that undertaking, program or programmes achieve sustainable results. George, ( 1999 ) besides argued that appraisal done aggregately ( holistic theory ) , tends to hide any signifier of possible trade-offs between single facets or constituents. For illustration, impairment in quality of life for some societal groups may non go evident, and potentially unsustainable environmental effects may travel undetected. He suggested that this defect can be reduced if the appraisal is done in item, through single indexs for each of the relevant constituents. Costanza ( 2000 ) and Bond and Morrison-Saunders ( 2009 ) , noted that the flexibleness or â€Å" user friendliness † of reductionism is one of its chief advantages, given its ability to cut down the surfeit of the environmental impacts to a limited set of Numberss in order to incorporate societal, economic and environmental consideration into determination devising. On the other manus, there is besides an statement that environmental systems need to be considered as wholes instead than interrupt down units ( Holism ) . This is because the environment and human societies are complex systems which are dynamic and non-linear in nature, and are besides involved in complex interactions. Hence, understanding this complex system, requires a holistic attack, to to the full measure the cumulative consequence of all impacts moving together to hold unacceptable environmental effects. ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ; Cashmore, 2004 ; Gasparatos et al. , 2009, 2008 ; Morrison-Saunders and Bailey 2000 ) . Steinemann, ( 2000 ) , besides suggested that â€Å" traveling off from analyses of stray hazards and toward a broader apprehension of environment will necessitate a more holistic, incorporate position of impact appraisal † . Reductionism harmonizing to Gasparatos et al. , 2009 ) is presently still the dominant paradigm for sustainability appraisals. There are different grades of reductionism where complex systems are reduced to smaller figure steps or the utmost being a individual value ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) . Examples of reductionist attack can been seen in the UK SAs undertaken for nucleus schemes of 38 local governments in England, where the greatest figure of indexs used was 151 and the lowest 24 ( Bond and Morrison-Saunders 2011 ) .Discussion and DecisionThe success of Sustainability Assessment is dependent on a figure of different readings. The first measure is to admit this different reading, acknowledge that these reading influences what different stakeholders view SA in accomplishing sustainable results. Ideally, SA integrates societal, environmental and economic considerations at every phase in decision-making, but how this integrating should be carried out, without sing one facet more than the other has been a beginning of environmental contention. Some advocators of environmental appraisal suggested that environmental appraisal could lend to sustainability by widening its range to include societal and economic considerations along with environmental 1s ( Pope et al. , 2004 ) , while on the other manus many advocators of environmental assessment position sustainability appraisal with some intuition, seeing it as a possible mechanism for legalizing the trading off environmental concerns for socio-economic addition ( Pope and Grace 2006 ) . Evidences from SA patterns in several states ( for illustration, Western Australian Government Gorgon gas development ) have shown that the weak sustainability or anthropocentricity presently prevails in the universe today. Another facet considered in this paper is the job of intergenerational and intergenerational equity. What approaches would be best to turn to battalion of environmental, societal and economic issues, together with intergenerational and intergenerational equity concerns? A â€Å" pluralistic stewardship † that is, incorporating nucleus elements of anthropocentricity, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, has been suggested by Barrett and Grizzle ( 1999 ) , to be the best attack for SA to accomplish sustainable results. Gasparatos et al. , ( 2009 ) besides suggested that â€Å" methodological pluralism coupled with stakeholder engagement seems a safer way to step † . Hence, one can reason that no 1 valid procedure or point of view can supply an ample and appropriate solution to this issue ( SA accomplishing sustainable results ) . Besides any sustainability construct /related models or procedure must be adapted to suite regional and local conditions ( for illustration the different life anticipation in different states ) ( Lawrence, 1997 ) . In decision, it is apparent that Weak Sustainability with Reductionism remains the prevailing sustainability attacks in current sustainability docket, with strong focal point on short term sustainability additions instead than hunger for intergenerational equity. These different readings of sustainability, ( embracing timescale, reductionist and holistic ) is liken to the statement â€Å" beauty is in the eyes of the perceiver † . In other words, to the EIA practitioner/stakeholder/individual, their significance and reading of the term sustainability would find if SA has achieved sustainable result.

Investigating Probation Strategies with Juvenile Offenders

SUMMARY Investigating Probation Strategies with Juvenile Offenders: The Influence of Officers’ Attitudes and Youth Characteristics Benita Byers Ray Davis Jessica Hoff Jessica Stein Just 326 Juvenile Justice System September 14, 2012 Although large investments in resources are used to deal with delinquent youths, there have been only sporadic efforts to research effective probation practices.Since most youth encounters with the juvenile justice system, accounting for over 60%, occur under supervision by Probation Officers (POs), the Probation Practices Assessment Survey (PPAS) was used to evaluate various types of interventions. This was a web-based study that utilized a sample of 308 POs and measured deterrence, restorative justice, treatment, confrontation, counseling and behavioral tactics.For example, while Lipsey’s influential multi-study analysis shows that â€Å"probation has a small but significant impact on youth outcomes,† literature on inventive and pro gressive probation practices shows little improvement to date. There is little research that describes various probation strategies for youth and their effectiveness. Youth probation usually vacillates between punishment and rehabilitation. Historically, advocates of progressive approaches viewed punishment and its reliance on monitoring and rule enforcement as a response to poorly trained and overworked POs.On the other hand, rehabilitation has been viewed as a benevolent relationship between POs and youths with intent to humanize the juvenile justice system. During the mid through late 1900s, the public demanded a more disciplinary reaction to youth crime, advocates of victims rights wanted more input into the process and increasing support of the rehabilitative model caused three objectives, known as the ‘Balanced Approach’ to become prominent in addressing youth delinquency.To protect public safety, POs utilize deterrence-based interventions utilizing increased moni toring, fines, detention, and technical violation of probation to promote youth expectations that delinquency is not worth the cost. To hold youths accountable for their offenses, POs promote restorative justice policies through offenders meeting with their families, the victims and community members to decide together how the offender can best make amends and promote reconciliation, often through community service and restitution.To promote rehabilitation, POs utilize resources such as tutoring to improve school performance; family, substance abuse and/or mental health counseling; mentoring programs to model achievement based skills and increase access to resources; and, other programs to improve life chances. While the balanced approach suggests that POs utilize individualized treatment of offenders in order to exact the best outcomes, research shows that POs attitudes towards punishment and rehabilitation vary.Additional problems occur when longstanding biases influence POs attit udes. For example, these unconscious biases include higher expectations of recidivism and endorsing stronger attitudes of punishment towards youth offenders of color and â€Å"girls being seen as very difficult to work with†. Previous research has not addressed the different strategies and frequency of specific interventions with an individual within a specific period of time utilized by POs in dealing with youth delinquency as does the PPAS.This survey utilizes 28 items measuring the frequency of three case management approaches, as deterrence, restorative justice and treatment orientations, as well as compliance enhancing strategies, as confrontation, counseling and behavioral tactics, during the past three (3) months. Method A sample of 308 respondents completed the survey, recruited through an announcement in an electronic newsletter for POs with inclusion into a drawing for a $20 e-gift certificate to an online retailer as incentive.The respondents were to insert their n ames into an alphabetical list of their juvenile caseloads and select the next youth who was (1) formally adjudicated, (2) known to the respondent for at least three months, and (3) under 18 years old. The respondents completed 31 questions about youth demographics, offending characteristics and psychosocial characteristics, including five items combined to measure prior heath and social services involvement and five items combined to measure psychosocial needs.Thirteen items measure case management approaches, fifteen items measure compliance practices. Respondents reported their personal demographics, years of experience in juvenile justice settings and level of education, six items addressing their attitudes toward punishment, two items measuring their beliefs about POs helpfulness with youths who have alcohol and mental health problems and two items measuring their beliefs about the effectiveness of mandated treatment on drug and mental health problems.Out of all cases, only 56% were completed correctly with all variables. Data was imputed multiple times using the SAS Proc MI (Schafer, 1997). SAS Proc MI is an interactive procedure that replaces missing data with estimates based on observable relationships observed in the data. By introducing random error, multiple imputations result in a more accurate variance estimates compared to other imputation procedures (Allison 2002). When comparing the complete data analysis, the listwise deletion and the imputed data, they were unimportant.Nearly 25% of the youth were female and about 40% were of color. Usually, youth were approaching 16 years old, were 33% were 15 or younger and 67% had prior offences. Felony adjudications were most common, about 33% had property related offences, 25% had person related offences and 20% had drug related offences. The average youth a specialized intervention prior to their recent adjudication (specialized mental health, substance abuse, or child welfare) and had nearly three out of six risk factors.PO’s were 64% females, 83% were white and 23% had master’s degrees. Analysis started with a confirmatory factor analysis for 7 PPAS subscales: deterrence orientation, restorative justice orientation, treatment orientation, confrontational tactics, counseling tactics, behavioral tactics and contact frequency (Muthen & Muthen 1998-2006). This model had acceptable fit, however, it was unstable do to a high linear between the two factors: Deterrence and Confrontation. Several adjustments were made but they all continued to have errors.The final analysis examined the predictors of class membership. Ordinal regression was chosen because three classes possess ordinal-level qualities. The Latent Class Analysis began by estimating the optical number of groups or classes required to describe how probation practice clusters. Classes were not distinguished by a dominant subscale score, but rather by a general level across all of the subscale scores. Probation O fficers reported using restorative justice interventions less than any other approach.In terms of contact, Probation Officers averaged about 18 contacts to the youth, parents, schools and service providers during a three month period. In terms of youth’s age, odds of having a more intensive probation decreased 28% for every one year of increase. PO’s attitudes about the helpfulness of probation, an increase in one point increased the odds of more intensive probation by 38% while an increase in favorable attitudes from one standard deviation below the mean to one standard deviation above the mean, led to a fivefold increase in the odds of more intensive probation.PO’s implement a balanced approach with delinquent youths, they blend both accountability and rehabilitation based approaches. In case management approaches, PO’s use approaches informed by deterrence and treatment equally, but are less inclined by restorative justice. PO’s use confrontatio n, counseling and behavioral tactics about the same when it comes to compliance strategies. Probation practices vary along key youth and Probation Officers characteristics.PO’s that really agrees with punishments emphasizes accountability in their interventions and may make fewer contacts with youth and PO’s who endorse treatment would strongly focus on the rehabilitation aspects of supervision and devote more time to each case. Younger youths receive a more accountability approach and more frequent contacts than the older youths. PO’s giving more resources to younger youths may indicate greater hope or urgency, for prevention with these youths and more dependency from the older youths.Several predictions did not predict probation in this study, race and gender, they stand out as a key findings. Research with probation and the juvenile justice decision making strongly suggests that the juvenile court interventions are influences by race and gender. Youth race an d gender were not associated with probation practices in the current study suggests two alternatives. First, measures and methods employed in this study may not have been sufficiently sensitive to detect biased treatment leading to a type II error. It is apparent that youth with a higher cumulative risk and needs receive more probation approaches.This demonstrates the priorities of the PO’s convergence with the contemporary juvenile justice mandates which calls for individualized court interventions based on an assessment of risks and needs (Hoge, 2002; Howell, 2003). References Schwalbe, Craig S. and Maschi, Tina. (Oct. 2009). Investigating Probation Strategies with Juvenile Offenders: The Influence of Officers’ Attitudes and Youth Characteristics. Law and Human Behavior. Vol. 33, No. 5, Pp 357-367. Springer. Retrieved from JSTOR online 9/12/12 at 2:12pm. Schafer, J. L. (1997).Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. New York: Chapman & Hall. Schafer, J. L. , & Graha m, J. W. (2002) Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177. Doi: 10. 1037/1082-989X. 7. 2. 147. Allison, P. D. (2002). Missing data. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Hoge, R. D. (2002). Standardized instruments for assessing risk and need in youthful offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 380–396. doi: 10. 1177/0093854802029004003. Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing & reducing juvenile delinquency: A comprehensive framework. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Refugees and Races Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refugees and Races - Research Paper Example The countries of the world, especially those who preach against the very factors that drive refugees out of their homes, is expected to open their communities and societies in order to receive these poor souls. But the fact is that some of them refuse accepting immigrants or impose restrictions on refugees. For the purposes of this paper, several countries would be cited in order to provide a picture about sorry state of policies governing refugees. The first of these is Australia. The country has a number of codes and legal guarantees for the acceptance of refugees. For instance, there is the Section 91R of the Migration Act of 1958, which identifies the requirements for an immigrant that should be accepted because he or she is a refugee. In a specific case that is already part of the Australian jurisprudence, Applicant A v MIIEA, it was held that "as long as the discrimination constitutes persecution and is inflicted for a Convention reason, the person will qualify as a refugee." ( Bagaric and Vrachnas 2006, 296) However, recent events demonstrate a different reality with regards to the Australian refugee policy. In 2001, hundreds of Afghans and Iraqis being persecuted at home and hoping for sanctuary in Australia were met with Australian warships effectively sending them to Indonesia, where they languished for weeks with uncertain future, having no country of their own (Timberlake 2001). Recently, 430 Sri Lankan and Pakistani refugees also suffered the same faith when Australia refused to accept them after they were rescued by a Norwegian cargo ship (Mail Online 2011). The fact is that Australia has been enforcing tougher immigration policy and could be found discriminating against refugees, particularly boat people, even though they fit the profile of those persecuted individuals that the country ideally welcomes with open arms. According to Sidoti, the National spokesperson of Human Rights Council of Australia: The most recent refugee arrivals in Australia have been predominantly from Afghanistan and Iraq and they have been predominantly Muslim. They have experienced discrimination on these bases along with other Muslim and Middle Eastern residents of Australia. The NSW Police Commissioner recently reported a great increase of attacks on Muslim or Middles Eastern residents of the state since the Bali bombing on 12 October... They have also included stones thrown through the windows of the homes and shops of Muslims (2002).. The same can also be said about the United Kingdom. This country has a long anti-immigration history. For example, the Merchant Shipping Act of 1906 introduced a language test for those signing in British ships in the UK, meaning to discriminate against all non-white sailors. (Shah 2000) It was only after the 1980s when the UK government started to encourage plurality. It was a gradual process that has been characterized by community resentments and race riots, considering the way the British see immigrants as fore ign and alien. Today, the country's immigration and refugee policies are characterized by a particular aversion to non-white applicants and is still reminiscent of the Merchant Shipping Act by mandating English proficiency, along with other stringent requirement for all immigrants designed to weed out undesirable races. By 1990s, the UK has accumulated a series of measures that strengthened immigration controls, especially those that made it more difficult for asylum seekers to enter the country by imposing visa requirements on the countries from which asylum seekers came and imposing a duty on carriers to ensure that only

Drugs and disease in Dorian Gray and Dracula Essay

Drugs and disease in Dorian Gray and Dracula - Essay Example Hungry for power, control and the bustle of a busy court, Dracula seeks to find dominion and lordship in new lands and has a most terrifying means of obtaining it – by destroying the lives of others as he converts them one drop of blood at a time, into his own personal slaves. However, a closer look at the character of Dracula reveals that the nature of evil is not necessarily the ugly, vile, immediately recognizable thing these types of interpretations suggest. Dracula instead presents himself as a well-mannered country gentleman who can easily charm his way into genteel company. In a similar mix of outward charm and inner brutality, Dorian Gray, the starring character in Oscar Wilde’s Portrait of Dorian Gray, has all the outward appearances of youth and beauty as well as the education, intellect and natural charm to ease his way into any company he wishes to keep, but finds himself also the force of destructive evil in the lives of the young people he knows, eventuall y leading to the destruction of the one true friend he had ever really had. In each instance, Dorian Gray and Dracula reflect outward beauty and a natural charm yet each is a force of destruction that can only exist on the edges of society, never in the thick of the action. Both Dorian Gray and Dracula are portrayed as among the upper class elite of society in many ways, not the least of which is their appearance or proper use of upper class mannerisms. The words of Lord Henry perhaps best express the outward impression given by the aspect of Dorian Gray to Wilde’s Victorian audience: â€Å"Beauty is a form of Genius – is higher, indeed, than Genius as it needs no explanation. It is one of the great facts of the world, like sunlight, or spring-time, or the reflection in dark waters of that silver shell we call the moon. It cannot be questioned. It has its divine right of sovereignty† (Wilde, 1891, p. 23). Such an expression was incarnate in the figure of Dorian

SIM 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SIM 9 - Essay Example They made a passage from the roof and lowered the bed on which the paralytic man lay; Jesus saw faith and healed and forgave the man’s sins. He said, â€Å"Son, your sins are forgiven†.1 This passage continues to narrate the deeds of Christ. The importance and significance of this passage is that it encourages people to have faith and teaches as that Jesus as the son of God forgives sins. It also tells that they some who believed in preaching and others who were there just to criticize what he taught. The teachers of the law thought that what Jesus did was blaspheming. They said the only one who had the authority to forgive sin was God alone.2 This passage emphasizes on the importance of faith in our lives. In a personal context, this Mark chapter 2 in the bible teaches me that faith without action is dead. In the passage, I am reminded that it is important to act on my faith as the men carrying the paralyzed man. Their faith healed the paralyzed man.3 So if I act on my faith and believe in Jesus, my sins will be forgiven. Lastly, it states that the son of god (Jesus) can forgive sins. Therefore, I must believe and trust in him. In my church, I can remind my fellow worshippers of the importance of believing in Jesus miracles and trusting in him. I can urge them not to be like the teachers of the law who criticized Jesus, but, live according to his rules and footsteps so as they their souls can be healed as well as their sins to be

The Efficacy of Direct Mail Marketing and Internet Marketing Research Paper

The Efficacy of Direct Mail Marketing and Internet Marketing - Research Paper Example In this scenario, organizations can use different tools and techniques to advertise their products and services. However, this paper will discuss two well known marketing techniques. First is direct mail marketing and second is internet (email) marketing. The basic aim of this research is to compare these two techniques and suggest best among them. So this research will be a comparative study of both marketing techniques. Methods/Framework We will conduct a research to discuss direct mail marketing and internet marketing: Direct Mail Marketing Direct mail marketing is a marketing technique in which a retailer transmits marketing and promotion material or information directly to the customer. Additionally, direct mail marketing allows organizations to enjoy full authority over the management of their business communications. In addition, direct mail marketing consists of several marketing techniques. However, in order to become flourishing in the field of direct marketing, organizatio ns will require using a number of these competent techniques. These techniques are either utilized in grouping form, or as substitute marketing practices and these techniques depend upon the followings aspects: (Systematic Direct Marketing, 2011; SmallBusinessNotes, 2011)

Web Development for Information Management Coursework

Web Development for Information Management - Coursework Example System†,â€Å"Boston Pizza†, â€Å"Zuppler Online Ordering Menus†, â€Å"Funny Cow Fast Food†, â€Å"Hoagies & Wings, LA†), it was observed that there is an underlying trend that is generally followed while designing food delivery websites. Usually, a food provider hosts a website with a URL that depicts the food company’s name or some memorable association to it; a name that the customers can easily remember. On the homepage of the website is displayed the logo of the company, contact details and a detailed menu of the company’s food items with pricing, the delivery time, availability and cost for all the items. The customer is given the option to select food items from the menu displayed on the homepage. Whatever item the customer selects, it is added to an item’s cart that displays the total accumulated billing of the order so far along with the items selected. Once the customer is done selecting the items, he/she selects the check-out option from menu. In case, the customer is new, he/she provides some personal information (i.e. contact detail and delivery address) to register to the site and place the order. This information is stored within a database maintained by the food providers. In case, the customer is not new, he/she can use the login details from the past orders. The personal information will be retrieved automatically based on these details and the order will be placed automatically. The payment is done either online by provide credit card details or by hand on delivery. Once the order is placed, a notification is sent to the food provider regarding the placement of an order. This could be through sms, fax or a notification on the system running at the provider’s work area. The orders can be grouped into ‘completed’, ‘active’ and ‘pending’. Once the provider accepts an order, a confirmation is sent to the customer, either through an email or sms. The staff starts preparing the ordered food. Once the food is prepared, it is

Differences in competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differences in competencies - Essay Example These differences emerging can be clearly seen at various patient are situations for example variations in approaches to decision-making or nurse care. One patient care situation that brings out differences in nursing care among ADN and BSN nurses is cardiac care units. Baccalaureate nursing care approaches include altruism, values of autonomy, integrity, social justice, human dignity and unconditional regard for all patients. Their nursing practice include disease prevention, health promotion, early detection of human health deviation, quick and adequate treatment of chronic and acute illnesses as well as compassionate care for people nearing death. As a result of their training, BSN nurses are able to respond to more demanding patient care tasks like those witnessed in the cardiac care units. Johnson (1988) state that BSNs are associated with lower rates of failure-to-rescue and mortality rates. These can be attributed to their good nursing care approaches like quick and adequate t reatment of chronic and acute illnesses. Research conducted in various cardiac care units reveal that there were 4.9 fewer deaths for every 1000 patients in those hospital intensive care units (ICUs) where a large proportion of nurses had a bachelor’s degree (Van den Heede, 2009). ... These indicate higher level of clinical support among the BSNs compared to other types of nurses like the ADNs. An emphasis on compassionate care for patients indicate a higher level of promotion of human dignity among the BSN nurses. BSNs make a higher utilization of protocols or care maps in order to guide patient progress during their hospitalization period. This presents a scientific and more systematic nursing approaches among the BSN. In their efforts to maximize on patient autonomy and human dignity, BSNs emphasize on teaching patients on how skills for taking care of themselves in relation to their type of disease or medication, and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Emphasis on healthy lifestyles is an incorporation of prevention measures with treatment. It prevents the progression of the disease or emergence of other diseases that can worsen the present condition. Due to their level of education, the BSNs have a higher level of expertise as compared to the ADNs. It should be not ed that BSNs take four years to receive their Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree while the ADNs take 2-3 years to receive their degree. BSNs undertake their studies in universities and senior colleges whereas ADNs undertake their studies in community colleges. As a result of their levels of expertise, the BSNs are more competent case management as compared to ADNs. This is can also be linked to their high levels of scientific, critical-thinking and leadership skills. Due to the superior level of competency among the BSN, ADNs can work under BSN and but the BSN cannot work under the BSN. BSNs are more capacitated in working under a variety of inpatient and outpatient environments as compared to

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 2

International Business Management - Essay Example e of this report to be submitted to the Directors of Paltek Company, is to bid for a contract to help Paltek implement its international strategy successfully. The report based on the company’s resources and sector, will identify strategic challenges and market entry options in international markets. Paltek has an annual turnover of  £5 million, employing 70 people to provide specialist circuit boards for business-to-business (B2B) markets including the military and information technology sectors. The components for manufacturing the circuit boards are procured from a number of international markets. The company plans to sell its product on an international scale, and has marketed some of its goods to the United States. Paltek’s new aim is to break into the Nordic markets, because the economies in Northern Europe are highly advanced. Expansion of the company into the European market would prove to be beneficial because of its great numbers of electronic manufacturers and purchasers. In this region Paltek plans to achieve economies of scale by using innovative ideas necessary to remain competitive. Presently offering their products only to United Kingdom customers, Paltek plans to build the design and manufacture facility for niche markets on an international scale. Though procuring supplies of components from Asia, Paltek does not plan to enter the Asian market to sell its products. The company however sees international activities capturing wider markets as the approach to increase the company’s growth. Moreover, another reason for developing the European markets is that Paltek believes that the key to running a successful business is to be in close proximity to the customers. â€Å"For a young, resource-constrained, technology-based start-up embarking on international sales, the choice of entry mode is a strategic decision of major importance† (Burgel & Murray 33). The initial foreign entry behaviour of a young firm can be of major importance in its

Iron Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Iron Lab Report Essay From my background knowledge, the iron present which is elemental iron in the cornflakes is harder to absorb than either two . This is also supported by the Absorption rate gotten from the results section (table 2,: percentage mass of Fe2+ ) it is seen that the absorption rate of the Fortified cereal is 7. 33% while that of the iron tablet and the beef liver are 15. 23% and 21. 80% respectively. According to Ironrichfood. org, absorption of haeme iron from meat proteins is efficient, and it ranges from 15% to 35%, and is not significantly affected by diet. In contrast, 2% to 20% of nonhaeme iron in plant foods such as rice, maize, black beans, soybeans and wheat is absorbed. Nonhaeme iron absorption is significantly influenced by various food components. The Absorption rate of the Iron in the Iron tablet is lesser than that of the beef liver (as seen in Table. 2) because the iron content in the tablet is less absorbable by the body. This is to say that Natural source of iron are quickly absorbed than artificial source of iron by the body However taking iron supplements sometimes cause side-effects such as constipation, diarrhea or heartburn. Sometimes these supplements are over taken thereby leading to Iron toxicity which occurs on the absorption of excessive quantities of ingested iron. This severe overdose causes impaired oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can result in cellular death. The liver is one of the organs most affected by iron toxicity, but other organs such as the heart, kidneys, lungs, and the hematologic systems also may be impaired. Iron supplements should not be taken along side calcium supplements however taking foliate with iron supplement will provide maximum benefits. Taking supplements although they seem to have side effects are used widely in medicine to iron–deficiency anemia, and it’s also given to pregnant women in their second or third trimester (because the body uses up more than normal to sustain both mother and baby), its usually given with folic acid so to avoid Iron corrosion that occurs due to the damage cells of the duodenum not being able to absorb the iron thereby causing iron overload leading to gastro intestinal corrosion. No justifiable conclusion could be made from these experiment because the results gotten from this experiment were not totally credible as the experiment was prone to a few errors, these errors that could have occurred to bias the results include errors from reading the volume of MnO4 in the burette as the meniscus could not be seen clearly thus we had to look at the top of the liquid which introduced errors, also the air oxygen error, Misjudging the equivalence point, and failure to transfer all the prepared solution for titration. Owing to these errors, are the reasons for any deviation in the result of this experiment, however in the future modifications will be made to reduce or annul these errors, modifications such as: accurately measuring the weights, rightly judging the equivalence point, in general, care should be taken throughout the experiment to reduce possibility of errors.

Nursing and Care Essay Example for Free

Nursing and Care Essay The concept of Synergy can be applied to the practice of nursing by means of education and service. To obtain Synergy in nursing the nurse’s knowledge and skills are able to meet the individual needs of the patient population that is presented. Currently in Western Pennsylvania, there is a rising number maternal substance abuse during pregnancy. This epidemic in turn creates a different type of population in infants than other areas of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), with specific healthcare needs. One area that is lacking synergy is the care of this rising patient population of infants suffering from Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). This creates a gap between nursing education and clinical application. Due to the rise in NAS infants it is important for nurses to be educated in proper care for an infant presenting with this diagnosis, symptom management, communication skills, and the fundamental knowledge Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Poor patient outcomes can be caused by a lack of understanding addiction. The Vermont Oxford Network states, â€Å"Fear of stigmatization, discrimination, child removal, poor treatment, and criminal prosecution has deterred women from seeking care. However, the research suggests that providing substance dependent women with comprehensive healthcare, drug and alcohol abuse treatment, and social support improves pregnancy, birth, and child development outcomes. † (Horbar, Soll Buus-Frank, 2013) When the infant is admitted into the acute care setting, the care needs of these patients should focus less on the immediate outcome, and more on what will create the greatest good for each patient as an individual. There is an essential need for the development of collaborative solutions for care and education in the healthcare setting for the care of this rising population. Often this would be to provide care with a realistic goal of maintaining optimal levels of comfort with minimal side effects of withdraw. â€Å"About 40% of infants who exhibit withdrawal symptoms can be treated without medication. † (White, 2013) Nurses who take time to ensure a level of comfort will help to alleviate symptoms of NAS withdraw and also help support the family in their infant’s care. In addition to providing comfort will help decrease the need to be medicated for withdraw and ultimately will lead to a shorter hospitalization. The manager of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit will need to address this issue and implement change in order to improve patient outcomes. The competencies that make up the Synergy model are clinical judgment, advocacy and moral agency, caring practices, facilitation of learning, collaboration, systems thinking, response to diversity, and clinical inquiry. For the NAS population advocacy, clinical judgment, caring practices and facilitation of learning are most important. Advocacy proposes the nurse to serve as a moral agent to work on the infant’s behalf in order to provide the greatest good to help resolve concerns that are both clinical and ethical. Clinical judgment is the ability for the nurse to take on the leadership role to care for their patient. Infants are unable to make healthcare decisions; the nurse must consider the parent’s wishes and what the result the nurses’ actions will yield for this infant. These actions must positively contribute to their plan of care overall. Caring practices creates a compassionate and therapeutic environment for each the patients, recognizing the unique needs of each infant. The nurse acts as a facilitator of learning when he/she incorporates the understanding of the infant’s family into the care. The Synergy mode includes patient characteristics, which are, resiliency, vulnerability, stability, complexity, resource availability, participation in care and decision-making and predictability. For the NAS population the patient characteristics would immediately associate complexity, vulnerability, and participation in care and decision-making. Complexity as referred to as to the multitude of symptoms that are to be considered for proper care of the patient. These infants are unable communicate pain, symptoms needs, and what their desire’s are. For example, these infant’s cry and are inconsolable until the nurse goes through a trial and error until he/she figures out the needs of the child. They do not understand what is happening to them. Vulnerability includes the stressors that these patients will be exposed to that may affect outcomes. The infants depend on the decisions their families and healthcare professionals. Increased length of hospital stay can lead to problems that may decline in their already compromised condition, for example, infection. Lastly, the NAS patients are vulnerable due to the fact that they are unable to make their own healthcare decisions and have to depend on parents and healthcare providers to be speak on their behalf. The parents participate in care as they receive information and help assist in the care for their child. Analyze the Case Nursing education places emphasis on clinical presentation, physical stressors and conditions that affect the patient and their associated treatments. Increased education is needed for nurses on the postpartum and NICU units about the treatment for this specific patient population. With the increase in drug dependent mothers there seems to be little nursing education provided on postpartum and NICU nursing units about the care for these infants, and this issue needs to be addressed. â€Å"Infants with NAS have higher rates of neonatal complications, prolonged lengths of stay and consume substantial NICU and hospital resources. Further, they impose a growing burden on already strained healthcare resources because state Medicaid expenditures are disproportionately impacted. † (Horbar, Soll Buus-Frank, 2013) The administration and education team needs to identify this problem and incorporate teaching and updated research on these units. One competency that lacks synergy in the nursing care of the NAS population is collaboration. â€Å"Collaboration enhances the capacity of a group and increases the potential for success. † (Hardin Kaplow, p. 75, 2005) It is not uncommon when different discipline areas such as the nurse, doctor, social worker etc. identify different goals for the patient. Poor communication causes the team to not work in unison to collaborate and work towards a common goal. â€Å"A key to collaboration is the communication that must exist between the patient, family, and health care team members as well as among members of the health care team. Another synergy lacking competency would be caring practices, which is the unique nursing care provided to the patient and families. Within the NAS population nurses have to recognize the differences and incorporated them into the infants care. Having compassion and creating a calming environment help provide comfort in a therapeutic environment. Often times the NAS population is considered as level II care, this allows for the nurses to take on a multiple patient assignment of three to five infants at a time. The NAS population is unique; they require much coddling and almost constant attention from the nurse. Having greater than three patients causes a great disadvantage to these children due to the nurse having to spread herself thin to meet the basic needs of feeding, changing and medicating, the nurse does not have adequate time to rock and soothe the infants causing greater withdraw symptoms. The rational decision-making model will help identify and implement the appropriate changes that are essential in optimizing care for the NAS population. Improvement in the education of the healthcare staff will create better patient outcomes. This decision making process includes three steps to achieve this objective: identify possible outcomes, determine probability of each outcome, and take action with the highest probability to achieve a positive outcome. The considered actions are increased in-person training, mandatory review of printed materials, or an on-line training course. The greatest positive outcome would come from increased in-person training. Create a Change Proposal Part of the nursing orientation for staff will be to participate in a class specified for the training related to care of the NAS infant prior to working in the NICU. Written material as well as a presentation will be provided. The attending physician will make a statement about services provided to the NAS infant, medications and important facts that the physician would like in report. For the staff nurses’ senior nursing projects are assigned yearly and are presented to maintain their status on the unit. Assigning NAS care to a few nurses each year will keep the most up to date research on the unit. These nurses will participate in Internet presentations that focus on quality, safety and care for infants and families of and NAS infant. Finally, a staff member from the social work team will join and present his/her role in the case of a NAS infant. The unit will provide CEU’s for this training. This proposal will affect the unit internally by involving the management team and multiple staff disciplines. The management team will help aid in this proposal by providing a day that is designated this additional training and appoint the appropriate nursing, physician and social work staff to participate in running the program. Finally obtaining CEU’s approved by the state board of nurses to offer education credits for after the completion of training. The designated nurses assigned to NAS as a senior project must keep up to date with the training information prior to the class of new staff, doing so will ensure they are prepared for questions that may arise. With this proposal the staff has the potential to increase the patient stability, outcome and satisfaction. Also this proposal will be aimed to help the nurses caring for NAS infants to promote patient care through evidenced based research. A change model that applies to this proposal would be the Lewin’s change model. This model is based on unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. First the unfreezing stage, the current beliefs and ideas will change with the desired outcome. The health care team will sufficiently identify the epidemic and need for changes in care for the NAS infant, inspiring the education and treatments needed to move the staff towards bettering practices. Lastly, refreezing, the nursing staff will have a new outlook or attitude towards NAS infants. Changes in the treatment process will be instituted based on the staff’s new outlook. Having the knowledge and resources for the care of the NAS infant will allow the care team to handle each unique case with evidenced based approach. Along with any type of change there will always be positive and negative outcomes on the environment. Positive outcomes will include an influx in nursing knowledge, better patient outcomes and an increased amount of resources for the staff. Negative outcomes may include not having the adequate amount of staff to run this program and the biases formed by individuals prior to participating in this class. A way to follow up with the care provided to these patients and their families would be an optional survey completed by the families allowing the unit to see their strengths and weaknesses. The survey will allow for improvement of care. â€Å"Nurses who have confidence in their ability to positively impact maternal parenting behaviors through education and skill building may impact patient care outcomes. It is imperative that the management and supervisors recognize the issues that nurse’s experience when caring for NAS infants. Educating staff will allow for a balance of practice and the nurses actions. Instituting this educational program will provide synergy to the NICU units and the epidemic of withdraw infants. The unit directors will be able to see that the changes to the unit and education instituted has worked when NAS infants have a shorter hospital stay, a decrease in the use of morphine and phenobarbital and finally patient/parental and nurse satisfaction. In conclusion, with the epidemic of substance abuse mothers on the rise it is imperative that neonatal nursing units properly educate their staff about the treatment and care of NAS infants. With the changes proposed in this case the care of this specific population will be enhanced. These infants are very fragile and require a lot of special attention. The proper care and education could make the world of a difference in a baby’s life.

Effects of Outdoor Play on Child Development

Effects of Outdoor Play on Child Development The aim of this project is to explore the effect of outdoor play on childrens social, emotional and physical development. According to Bruce (2004) play is probably one of the least understood aspects of an early-childhood practitioners work (p.135). The conceptualisation of play is shared by many other early childhood practitioners for whom play is considered essential, as an activity promoting learning (p.135). Outdoor play is a much needed activity in the early childhood. You may have come across a child playing and you are sure he/she is having a fun time. Therefore, play is the building block of a childs intellectual skills. Through play child develops social, emotional and physical skills. The outdoors according to Letter Wyver (2008) presents obvious opportunities to move and be active, and for children to discover and engage with the natural environment, as well as the chance for open ended activities such as sand water play, construction and pretend play. According to Hutt et al (1989, p.10) the emotional and social development of pre-school children depends crucially upon play while Penn (2008) asserts that to learn about child development is to learn about Piaget (p.41). As Piaget focused on how children acquire knowledge, he tried to understand how children change the way they think, how babies show intense reactions to external stimuli them (Penn, 2008). Ibid (2008) asserts that it was Piaget who provided a theoretical legitimating of learning through play. In addition, Berk (2009), Keenan (2002) Bruce (2004) are firm believers that children actively explore their environment and are influential in shaping their own knowledge. They believe that it was through social interaction with more experienced and more knowledgeable members of the society parents, relatives, teachers, peers etc. that children are able to acquire the knowledge and skills that a culture deems to be important According to Bruce (2004) there is no clear definition for play. It is still an umbrella world (Ibid, 1991), while other early childhood practitioners defined play as childs work. Play is primary way children express their social nature (Strickland et al, 2003). Ibid (2003) argued that all kids enjoy playing alone some of the time; while some prefer to play with others (social play) much of the time. Play is an integral part of learning. Piaget defined play as a kind of scientific rehearsal (Penn, 2008; p.43). While Bitton (2010) stated that play offers a meaningful context for children and that it is only when a situation has meaning and purpose that children can function at a higher level (p.49). Childrens emotions are ways in which they react to situations while social development refers to how they get alone with peers and form relationships (Ashiabi, 2007). Furthermore, emotional and social developments are linked because childrens social interactions are usually emotionally cha rged (Ibid, 2007). To clearly explore the role of outdoor play on social, emotional and physical development. Strickland et al (2003) asserts that outdoor play is critical to the social development of 3-4 year old children, and to girls in particular when it comes to building self confidence (p.2). In addition, children learn to be more empathy and less egocentric through play and they develop more skills for coping with conflict while boys tend to engage in more social dramatic outdoor play than indoors; outdoor play allows boys who are more physical to assume leadership roles (Srickland, 2002) and perhaps get more positive affirmation than they do inside. White (2007) confirmed that when given the choice, the outdoors is where most children want to be and playing outdoors is preferable to indoors. In support of this argument, Eustice Heald (1992) argued that outdoor play is an extension of classroom activities which summarises the beliefs of early year management that children learn best by explorin g, investigating and solving problems outdoors (p.7). While Alfano (2010) asserts that playing outdoors is a form of exercise that promotes well-being and wholesome physical developments; and that children are naturally drawn to active play outdoors. One of the obvious benefits of getting kids outside to play is the increased exercise they will be getting as opposed to setting in front of the T.V. or computer. Most early years scholars have also assert that when children play outdoors they are developing mentally, emotionally, socially, and physically. This view is supported by Johnson et al (2002) that children gain lots of opportunities outside to develop basic social skills and social competencies e.g. running, jumping cycling, hide and seek, sing; sensing, make noise, make mess, crawl, and explore the natural world unchallenged. While Brice (2004) viewed that through play, children develop initiative and are strengthened to face challenges in life (p.134). More so, playing outdoors reduces stress in kids. Children express and work out emotional aspects of everyday experiences through unstructured play (Levesque. 2011). Whilst Strickland (2002) argued that there are also opportunities for emotional development as children test their limit and challenge themselves to try things that may be just at the edge of their reach Moreover, most theorists found that pretend play outdoors was the most dominant form of play (Bulton, 2002). Perhaps thats why theorists such as Piaget and Vygotsky assert that pretend play provides children with opportunities to practice grown up and perspective talking (Ashiabi, 2007; p.2002). Also, in pretend play a child is always above his average age (Penn, 2008; p.44) and above their daily behaviour. In addition, Wyver Little (2008) asserts that play also facilitates language development, creative thinking and problem-solving; and helps children deal with complex and competing emotions. In view of the above statement, parents should allow their children play with other children because it helps in the emotional and social development. Although social and emotional benefits of outdoor play may not be in clear cut, one benefit from research is that it allows kids to move freely, make noise and self-express themselves in ways that many not be encouraging inside. Outside play encourages logical thinking and the ability to reason through highly interactive activities such as building sand-castles, playing games with friends, playing puzzles with friends etc. Time spent outside with peers helps to create social skills that are needed for great healthy friendship (Brouillette, 2010). While Froebal cited by Bruce (2004) stated that play is the highest level of learning.activities of the child (p.132). While Siraj-Blatchford et al (2002) cited by Bruce (2004) shows that the richest play is found especially in nursery schools. According to Little Wyver (2008) the significanc e of outdoor play as an essential part of every childs life has also been acknowledged by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Article 31 supports a childs right to rest and leisure, and to participate in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child. There are other reasons why playing outdoor is important for children, according to Stewart (2010) when children play outside, they are more likely to maintain a healthy weight because they get the chance to burn off extra calories by running, jumping, climbing, riding bikes, yelling etc. which can also lead to better sleep. Also, the above exercise help children to develop small and large muscles, strengthened bones, increases flexibility, fine and gross motor skills and improves their overall health (Ibid, 2010). In addition, outdoor play is important in early childhood because it helps in the physical development of the child as obesity is a common problem among children today (Pillar, 2010). Therefore, engaging in outdoor play helps in preventing childhood obesity. More so, Vitamin D is essential for the skin and can only be derived by playing outdoors as it is impossible to get an adequate amount from food and vitamins alone. Getting kids outdoor increases the exposure to sun and their natural production of Vitamin D. In contrary to the above advantages of outdoor play, White (2007) argued that today it seems that the motivation for childrens outdoor play has declined because global society is very busy in its day-to-day activities and over protected parents. Furthermore, many school age children have too much homework after school, therefore having less time for outdoor play. Whilst those without homework are too busy/lazy watching T.V, playing computer games, or pre-occupied chatting with friends on-line. Lastly, some parents are too busy with work and other activities (watching T.V, Football, cooking) to see to their childrens adequate outdoor play. Some parents are so paranoid that every man outside the street with big glasses/spectacles is a pervert or paedophile waiting to attack or abduct their children as they play outside. Furthermore, social and environmental factors have greatly impacted on childrens opportunities for outdoors play. Little Wyver (2008) asserts that where once children may have spent time playing in the street riding bicycle, playing chasing games, and hide seek etc, increased traffic has made these areas and play opportunities off-limits for children as the changes are far too great. Children are now confined to classroom, backyards or local parks for relatively safe places to play. Also, Ibid (2008) stated that increase demand for housing in many areas, particularly urban areas, is eroding childrens play ground. Lastly, according to Johnson et al (2005) providing for outdoor play needs for children is a complex and challenging task. A variety of factors must be considered, including the various play needs of young children, supervision, safety etc. while many educators, politicians, and parents believe outdoor play takes time away from academic activities; as a result, recess and physical education in many schools is limited or totally eradicated (Sutterby Frost, 2002 cited by Johnson et al, 2005).

Wealth and How Money Influences Peoples Lives Essay -- Wealth Money F

Wealth and How Money Influences People's Lives Some people generate an adequate living working for others, some do quite well, while many people don’t do well. It is estimated that less than 16% of Canadians have more than $100,000 in their retirement funds while 38% have less than $10,000. Using money to make money is more likely to generate success. Using assets to generate wealth is likely to generate financial success. This is the principle in whihc my group is is based upon. Kiyosaki explains money does not calm your fears when desire forces you to spend. You have to avoid the trap. Rich people often have a fear of losing it all. A job is a short term solution to a long term problem. You must master the power of money. When the donkey drags the cart with the carrot on a stick in front of him, the driver is getting where he wants. For the donkey it’s an illusion. What intensifies fear and desire is ignorance. To spend your life in fear and never exploring your dreams is cruel. Just as in my business of MJM Productions. Instead of looking at how much certain ventures will cost, we must look at the posibilities which will occur as a result of that venture. Money does not calm your fears when desire forces you to spend. You have to avoid the trap. Rich people often have a fear of losing it all. A job is a short term solution to a long term problem. You must master the power of money. When the donkey drags the cart with the carrot on a stick in front of him, the driver is getting where he wants. For the donkey it’s an illusion. What intensifies fear and desire is ignorance. To spend your life in fear and never exploring your dreams is cruel. Just as in my business of MJM Productions. Instead of looking at how much certain ventures will cost, we must look at the posibilities which will occur as a result of that venture. Therefore it is essential that the accumulation of money does not blind me and my cohorts from our prime objective of empowering ourselves. Choose your thoughts. Think long-term and ask yourself: "Is this the best possible solution to my problem?" There is an old expression that "I am too busy working to make money." When you are too busy, you miss many opportunities. You often go into a restaurant and see a lot of things done wrong. Why can’t the manager see these things? Because he is too busy working IN the business ... ...before you pay any other bills. Then you will be motivated to find the money to pay all the other bills. Look after number one. Choose friends carefully. The power of association. Learn from all of them, whether they have money or not. When I seek out people who have money, I am not after their money but their ideas. Don’t listen to poor or frightened people. Wise investors buy an investment when it’s not popular. They know their profits are made when they buy, not when they sell. You become what you study. So, if you are tired of what you are doing and not making enough money, change the formula. This was a key factor in creating a sucessful business. Only by having co-workers which are dependable will ones business flourish. Be an "Indian Giver". Put your money into an investment and when it goes up, take your money back out and do the same again. If you buy some stocks and they go up in price, sell enough to get your original investment back and repeat the process. Assets buy luxuries. When the asset is generating surplus cash flow, then you use that surplus to buy the luxuries. Or in terms of this project, 50% goin towards a college education instead of luxuries.